% 1997/09/25 由教育學程林信榕教授提供, 印自 Developing Management Skills,
% 2nd ed, by Harper Collins. 1997/09/29 單懷靈翻譯.  1997/10/12 單維彰改成
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\centerline{\kai\chmagnification=\magstep3 認知型態評量}
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\noindent
評量的方式, 是假想一個 $x$-$y$ 軸的座標平面.
橫軸代表 Information Evaluation 的性向,
左極端是 Thinking, 右極端是 Feeling.
縱軸代表 Information Gathering 的性向,
下極端是 Intuition, 上右極端是 Sensing.

在 24 個問題當中, 第一個選項是為 a, 第二個是為 b.
在下表中圈出選項的個數, 就對應平面上四個方向的得分.
\settabs 6 \columns
\+&{\bf Information Gathering}&&{\bf Information Evaluation}&\cr
\smallskip
\+& 1a & 1b & 13a & 13b \cr
\+& 2a & 2b & 14b & 14a \cr
\+& 3b & 3a & 15a & 15b \cr
\+& 4b & 4a & 16b & 16a \cr
\+& 5a & 5b & 17b & 17a \cr
\+& 6b & 6a & 18a & 18b \cr
\+& 7b & 7a & 19a & 19b \cr
\+& 8a & 8b & 20a & 20b \cr
\+& 9a & 9b & 21b & 21a \cr
\+& 10b & 10a & 22a & 22b \cr
\+& 11a & 11b & 23b & 23a \cr
\+& 12a & 12b & 24a & 24b \cr
\smallskip
\+&Intuitive & Sensing & Thinking & Feeling \cr

關於這四個方向的個性特質, 我直接由 Harper Collins 所著的
{\it Developing Management Skills}, 2nd ed, pp.~65--69 
節錄下來.

It is grounded in the work of Jung (1923).

An {\it intuitive stragegy\/} takes a wholistic view and emphasizes
commonalities and generalizations, that is, the relationships
among the various elements of data.
Intuitive thinkers often have preconceived notions about what sort
of information may be relevant, and they look at the information
to find what is consistent with their preconceptions.
They ten to be convergent thinkers.

The {\it sensing strategy\/} focuses on details, or on the specific attributes
of each element of data, rather than on relationships among the elements.
Sensing thinkers are rational and have few preconceptions about what
may be relevant, so they insist on a close and thorough examination of the
information.
They are sensitive to the unique attributes of various parts of the
information they encounter, and they tend to be divergent thinkers.

A {\it thinking strategy\/} evaluates information using a systematic plan
with specific sequential steps.
There is a focus on appropriate methods and logical progressions.
Individuals who use a thinking style generally
rely on objective data. 
Attempts are made to fit problems into a known model or framework.
When such people defend their solutions, they emphasize the methods
and procedures used to solve the problems.

A {\it feeling strategy\/} approaches a problem on the basis
of ``gut feel,'' or an internal sense of how to respond.
The problem is often defined and redefined, and approaches are tried on a
trial-and-error basis rather than through a logical procedure. 
Feeling individuals have a penchant for subjective or impressionistic
rather than objective data, and they frequently cannot describe their
own problem-solving processes.
Problem solutions are often found through using analogies or seeing
unusual relationships between the problem and a past experience.

Students who emphasize intuitive strategies tend to do better in
conceptual courses and learn more easily through reading and
through discussing general relationships. 
Exams with one right answer may be easier for them.

Students who emphasize sensing strategies tend to do better in factual
courses or courses in which attention to detail and 
dissimilarity is important.
Critical and analytical learning activities facilitate their learning,
and exams emphasizing implications and applications may be easiest for 
these students.

Students who emphasize a thinking strategy do best in courses that
take an orderly, step-by-step approach to the subject, courses in which
what is learned builds on, and follows directly from, what was learned earlier.
Feeling individuals do best in courses requiring creativity and idea generation.
Learning activities in which the student must rely on a personal
sense of what is appropriate are likely to be preferred by these
students.

\bye
